Is marriage without a guardian permissible?
Short answer
Marriage without a guardian is not valid according to what the Shaykh determined; he cited the hadith “There is no marriage without a guardian.”
Evidence and explanation
The Shaykh cited the hadith “There is no marriage without a guardian” and made clear the necessity of the guardian and the two witnesses.
Scholar referenced
This editorial summary is based on the original source linked below and is not presented as a verbatim quotation from the scholar.
From the text of the answer (Arabic, with an English translation)
Original answer — Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz
حكم عقد النكاح بدون ولي — فتوى ١٢٦٦٦- Question
«يسأل ويقول: لدينا ما يسمى بيسر عقد النكاح، وهو الاتفاق بين الزوجين على المهر، وإحضار شاهدين بغير إذن الولي؛ إما لعدم حضوره، أو لعدم إذنه، فهل هذا العقد يعتبر صحيح؟»
English translation (unreviewed): He asks and says: We have what is called 'simplified marriage contract', which is an agreement between the spouses on the dowry and bringing two witnesses without the guardian's permission, either because of his absence or his not giving permission. Is this contract considered valid?
- From the text of the answer
«ليس بصحيح، لا عقد إلّا بولي يقول ﷺ في الحديث الصحيح: لا نكاح إلا بولي ، فالمرأة لا تزوج نفسها ولا تزوج غيرها، فلابد في النكاح من الولي. والنكاح يحضره أربعة: الولي والزوج والشاهدان، هذا هو النكاح الشرعي؛ ولي وهو أقرب العصبة إلى المرأة أبوها ثم جدها وإن علا من الذكور ثم ابنها ثم ابن ابنها وإن نزل، ثم أخوها الشقيق، ثم أخوها لأب، ثم بقية العصبة الأقرب فالأقرب، لا بد من الولي وأن يكون مسلمًا معروفًا بالخير عدلًا حسب التيسير، فإن لم يتيسر العدل جاز وإن كان غير عدل إذا كان مسلمًا.»
English translation (unreviewed): It is not valid; there is no contract without a guardian. He ﷺ says in the authentic hadith: “There is no marriage without a guardian.” A woman does not marry herself off or marry off another, so a guardian is necessary in marriage. Four attend the marriage: the guardian, the husband and the two witnesses; this is the lawful marriage. The guardian is the woman's closest male agnate relative: her father, then her grandfather however high, then her son, then her son's son however low, then her full brother, then her brother from her father, then the rest of the male agnates, the nearest then the next nearest. A guardian is necessary, and he should be a Muslim known for good, upright as far as possible; if uprightness is not possible, it is permitted even if he is not upright, provided he is a Muslim.
- Evidence as the shaykh cited it
«أما ما يسمى بالزواج العرفي وهو كونها تزوج نفسها من دون ولي هذا لا يجوز بل هو باطل عند جمهور أهل العلم، وعليه دل النص الصحيح عن رسول الله عليه الصلاة والسلام قوله: لا نكاح إلا بولي ، قوله ﷺ: لا تزوج المرأة المرأة ولا تزوج المرأة نفسها .»
English translation (unreviewed): As for what is called 'customary marriage' ('urfi), which is that she marries herself off without a guardian, this is not permissible; rather it is void according to the majority of the scholars, and the authentic text from the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, indicates it, in his saying: “There is no marriage without a guardian” and his saying ﷺ: “A woman does not marry off a woman, and a woman does not marry herself off.”
The Arabic excerpts matched the original page word for word by an automated check and have not had human scholarly review. The English translations are unreviewed translations made for this site; they are not an approved Shari‘ah translation. Rely on the Arabic original.
Source
Ruling on a marriage contract without a guardian
Title of the original page (Arabic): حكم عقد النكاح بدون ولي
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz, may Allah have mercy on him