Review draft — not approvedBelief & Tawhid

Major and minor kufr (and practical kufr): what the scholars reported

Question

What is the kufr that takes one out of the religion? Can kufr be practical? Is every sin a minor kufr? And what are the criteria for applying the term kufr?

Introduction

This draft gathers texts of Ibn Baz and Ibn al-'Uthaymin on the types of kufr, practical kufr and the criteria for applying the terms kufr and shirk.

The subject is sensitive: applying kufr to a particular person has conditions and impediments, and the page reports Ibn al-'Uthaymin's warning against laxity in it in his own words. These statements are not to be applied to individuals.

The scholars’ statements as reported; no independent preference from the site

Types of kufr that take one out of the religion, and practical kufr

Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz

أنواع الكفر المخرج من الملة — فتوى ١١٩٤٣
Question

«السائل (صبري . أ. أ) من جمهورية مصر العربية يقول: ما هو الكفر المخرج من الملة؟»

English translation (unreviewed): The questioner (Sabri A. A.) from the Arab Republic of Egypt says: What is the kufr that takes one out of the religion?

From the text of the answer

«أنواع الكفر كثيرة المخرجة من الملة منها: دعاء الأموات، والاستغاثة بالأموات، ومنها: ترك الصلاة، كونه يترك الصلاة ولا يصلي، هذا من الكفر الأكبر، نسأل الله العافية، ومنها سب الدين .. سب الرسول ﷺ.. سب القرآن .. سب الله، هذه ردة عن الإسلام، ومنها: الاستهزاء بالدين، أو الاستهزاء بالله، وبالرسول ﷺ هذه ردة عن الإسلام، وهذا مبسوط في باب حكم المرتد، من أراد أن يعرف هذا يطالع باب حكم المرتد في جميع المذاهب الأربعة، بوبوا بابًا سموه: "باب حكم المرتد" ذكروا فيه أنواع المرتدين، وأسباب ردتهم، نسأل الله العافية.»

English translation (unreviewed): The kinds of kufr that take one out of the religion are many. Among them: supplicating the dead and seeking help from the dead; among them: abandoning prayer — that he abandons the prayer and does not pray; this is major kufr, we ask Allah for well-being; among them: insulting the religion... insulting the Messenger ﷺ... insulting the Qur'an... insulting Allah; this is apostasy from Islam; among them: mocking the religion, or mocking Allah or the Messenger ﷺ; this is apostasy from Islam. This is set out at length in the chapter on the ruling on the apostate; whoever wants to know this should read the chapter on the ruling on the apostate in all four schools; they set out a chapter they called 'the chapter on the ruling on the apostate' in which they mentioned the types of apostates and the causes of their apostasy; we ask Allah for well-being.

Read the scholar’s original material ↗

Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz

هل الكفر العملي يخرج من الملة؟ — مجموع فتاوى ومقالات الشيخ ابن باز (٢٨/١٤٦).
Question

«هل يمكن صدور كفر عملي يخرج من الملة، في الأحوال الطبيعية؟»

English translation (unreviewed): Is it possible for an act of kufr that takes one out of the religion to occur in normal circumstances?

From the text of the answer

«الكفر العملي يخرج من الملة: مثل السجود لغير الله، والذبح لغير الله، هذا كفر عملي يخرج من الملة، الذي يذبح للأصنام أو إلى الكواكب، أو إلى الجن كفر عملي أكبر، وهكذا لو صلى لهم أو سجد لهم، يكفر كفرًا عمليًا أكبر، وهكذا لو سب الدين أو سب الرسول، أو استهزأ بالله أو بالرسول هذا كفر عملي أكبر، عند جميع أهل السنة والجماعة [١] .»

English translation (unreviewed): Practical kufr takes one out of the religion: such as prostrating to other than Allah and sacrificing to other than Allah. This is practical kufr that takes one out of the religion. One who sacrifices to idols or to the stars or to the jinn commits major practical kufr; likewise if he prays to them or prostrates to them, he commits major practical kufr; likewise if he insults the religion or insults the Messenger, or mocks Allah or the Messenger, this is major practical kufr according to all Ahl al-Sunnah wa'l-Jama'ah [1].

Read the scholar’s original material ↗

Shaykh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin

خطأ من قال إن الكفر العملي لا يكون كفراً أكبر — محتوى ٤٥٢١
Question

«سمعت من أحد العلماء قوله: إن الكفر اعتقادي وعملي، وأن العملي يكون كفراً أصغر فقط لا يدخل فيه الكفر الأكبر، سواءً ترك الصلاة أو فعل أي فعل آخر؟»

English translation (unreviewed): I heard one of the scholars say that kufr is of belief and of action, and that practical kufr is only minor kufr and does not include major kufr, whether abandoning prayer or doing any other act?

From the text of the answer

«هذه قاعدة عند بعض العلماء أن الكفر لا يكون إلا عن اعتقاد، وأما كفر العمل فلا، لكن الصحيح خلاف ذلك، الصحيح أنه قد يكون الكفر عملياً كترك الصلاة مثلاً؛ لأن القرآن والسنة وأقوال الصحابة تدل على أن تارك الصلاة كافر كفراً مخرجاً عن الملة مع اعتقاده للوجوب، هذا هو القول الراجح.»

English translation (unreviewed): This is a principle held by some scholars, that kufr is only from belief, and that kufr of action is not; but the correct view is the opposite. The correct view is that kufr may be practical, such as abandoning prayer, for example; because the Qur'an, the Sunnah and the statements of the Companions indicate that one who abandons prayer is a disbeliever with kufr that takes him out of the religion even with his belief in its obligation. This is the preponderant view.

Evidence as the shaykh cited it

«وليس من قال الكفر أو فعل الكفر يكون كافراً، دلَّ على ذلك القرآن والسنة، ففي القرآن: يقول الله عز وجل: ﴿مَنْ كَفَرَ بِاللَّهِ مِنْ بَعْدِ إِيمَانِهِ إِلَّا مَنْ أُكْرِهَ وَقَلْبُهُ مُطْمَئِنٌّ بِالْأِيمَانِ وَلَكِنْ مَنْ شَرَحَ بِالْكُفْرِ صَدْراً فَعَلَيْهِمْ غَضَبٌ مِنَ اللَّهِ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ﴾ [النحل:١٠٦] فرفع حكم الكفر عن المكره مع أنه يقول كلمة الكفر، ويفعل فعل الكفر.»

English translation (unreviewed): It is not the case that whoever says the word of kufr or does an act of kufr becomes a disbeliever; the Qur'an and the Sunnah indicate that. In the Qur'an Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says: “Whoever disbelieves in Allah after his belief — except for one who is compelled while his heart is secure in faith — but those who open their breasts to disbelief, upon them is wrath from Allah and for them is a great punishment” [al-Nahl: 106]. So he removed the ruling of kufr from the one who is compelled even though he says the word of kufr and does the act of kufr.

Read the scholar’s original material ↗
The scholars’ statements as reported; no independent preference from the site

Is every sin called minor kufr?

Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz

هل جميع المعاصي مِن الكفر الأصغر؟ — فتوى ٢٣٤٢٦
Question

«جميع المعاصي تكون كفرًا أصغر؟»

English translation (unreviewed): Are all acts of disobedience minor kufr?

From the text of the answer

«تكون من عمل الجاهلية..... تكون ذنوبًا ومعاصي، ولكن ما تُسمّى كفرًا إلا ما جاء الشرع بتسميته كفرًا، الذي سمّاه الشارع كفرًا نسمّيه، مثل: اثنتان في الناس هما كفر: الطعن في النسب، والنياحة على الميت ، وكذلك: لا ترجعوا بعدي كفارًا يضرب بعضكم رقاب بعض الحكم بغير ما أنزل الله للهوى والرشوة: كل هذه تُسمّى كفرًا.»

English translation (unreviewed): They are among the practices of the pre-Islamic period ..... they are sins and acts of disobedience, but they are not called kufr except what the Shari'ah has called kufr. What the Lawgiver has called kufr we call kufr, such as: “Two things in people are kufr: slandering lineage and wailing over the dead”; and likewise “Do not return to disbelief after me, striking one another's necks”; ruling by other than what Allah revealed out of desire, and bribery: all of this is called kufr.

Read the scholar’s original material ↗
The scholars’ statements as reported; no independent preference from the site

Criteria for applying kufr and shirk, and the establishment of the proof

Shaykh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin

ضوابط إطلاق الكفر والشرك — محتوى ٢٨٨١
Question

«هل مَن وقع في الشرك الأكبر؛ مثل: مَن استغاث بغير الله، أو نَذَر نَذْراً لغير الله، هل يقال: إنه كافر، أم يقال: لا بد من قيام الحجة عليه؟»

English translation (unreviewed): One who falls into major shirk, such as one who seeks help from other than Allah or makes a vow to other than Allah, is it said that he is a disbeliever, or is it said that the proof must be established against him?

From the text of the answer

«كلُّ إنسان يقع في شرك ومثله يجهله، فإنه لا يُحكم بشركه حتى تقوم عليه الحجة، كما أنَّ مَن وقع في معصية دون الشرك فإنه لا يُعاقب عليها إذا كان مثله يجهلها؛ فلو أن رجلاً زَنا وهو قريب عهد بالإسلام ولا يعلم أن الزنا حرام فإننا لا نقيم عليه الحد؛ لأنه جاهل، وكذلك الذي يستغيث بغير الله أو يدعو غير الله وهو جاهل ونعلم أن مثله يجهله فإنه لا يُحكم بكفره؛ لأن الآياتِ الصريحةَ كثيرة في أنه لا يُحكم بالكفر إلا بعد العلم، يقول الله -عز وجل-: ﴿وَمَا كَانَ رَبُّكَ مُهْلِكَ الْقُرَى حَتَّى يَبْعَثَ فِي أُمِّهَا رَسُولاً يَتْلُو عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتِنَا وَمَا كُنَّا»

English translation (unreviewed): Every person who falls into shirk when someone like him is ignorant of it, is not judged to have committed shirk until the proof is established against him, just as one who falls into a sin short of shirk is not punished for it if someone like him is ignorant of it. If a man committed zina and was new to Islam and did not know that zina is forbidden, we would not apply the hadd penalty on him because he is ignorant. Likewise one who seeks help from other than Allah or supplicates other than Allah while ignorant, and we know that someone like him is ignorant of it, is not judged a disbeliever, because the explicit verses are many that kufr is not judged except after knowledge. Allah, Mighty and Majestic, says: “And your Lord would not have destroyed the towns until He had sent to their mother-town a messenger reciting to them Our verses, and We would not have ...

Evidence as the shaykh cited it

«ويقول -تعالى-: ﴿رُسُلاً مُبَشِّرِينَ وَمُنْذِرِينَ لِئَلَّا يَكُونَ لِلنَّاسِ عَلَى اللَّهِ حُجَّةٌ بَعْدَ الرُّسُلِ﴾ [النساء:١٦٥]، فبيَّن أنه لا حجة للخلق على الله إلا إذا أرسل الرسول، وأعلمهم بأن هذا حرام وهذا شرك.»

English translation (unreviewed): And the Most High says: “Messengers as bringers of good tidings and warners, so that mankind will have no argument against Allah after the messengers” [al-Nisa': 165]. So He made clear that people have no argument against Allah except if He sends the messenger and informs them that this is forbidden and this is shirk.

«وقال -تعالى-: ﴿وَمَا كُنَّا مُعَذِّبِينَ حَتَّى نَبْعَثَ رَسُولاً ﴾ [الإسراء:١٥].»

English translation (unreviewed): And the Most High said: “And We would not punish until We sent a messenger” [al-Isra': 15].

«وقال -تعالى-: ﴿وَمَنْ يُشَاقِقِ الرَّسُولَ مِنْ بَعْدِ مَا تَبَيَّنَ لَهُ الْهُدَى وَيَتَّبِعْ غَيْرَ سَبِيلِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ نُوَلِّهِ مَا تَوَلَّى وَنُصْلِهِ جَهَنَّمَ وَسَاءَتْ مَصِيراً ﴾ [النساء:١١٥].»

English translation (unreviewed): And the Most High said: “And whoever opposes the Messenger after guidance has become clear to him and follows other than the way of the believers, We will give him what he has chosen and burn him in Hell, and evil is the destination” [al-Nisa': 115].

Read the scholar’s original material ↗

Shaykh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin

الشرك والكفر لا يطلقان على شخص معين حتى تقوم عليه الحجة — محتوى ٢١٩٦
Question

«تكلم أحد الإخوة بالشرك الأكبر؛ كدعاء غير الله، أو الاستغاثة بغير الله، هل يطلق عليه أنه مشرك بعينه، أو هناك فرق بين مسائل الجلية والخفية؟»

English translation (unreviewed): One of the brothers spoke of major shirk, such as supplicating other than Allah or seeking help from other than Allah: is he called a polytheist by name, or is there a difference between the clear and the hidden issues?

From the text of the answer

«يقال: من فعل هذا فهو مشرك، من ترك الصلاة فهو كافر، لكن لا يحكم بهذا الحكم على شخص معين حتى تقوم عليه حجة، إما بأن يكون عالماً، ولكنه متهاون أو مستكبر أو ما أشبه ذلك.»

English translation (unreviewed): It is said: whoever does this is a polytheist, whoever abandons prayer is a disbeliever; but this ruling is not applied to a specific person until the proof is established against him, whether he is knowledgeable but careless or arrogant or the like.

Read the scholar’s original material ↗

Shaykh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin

الرد على من يرى أن الكفر اعتقادي فقط — محتوى ٣٩٣٧
Question

«عنك خرجت في الآونة الأخيرة بعض الكتب، والكتيبات، والنشرات؛ تتكلم في مسألة عظيمة وهي مسألة الكفر، وذلك أن الذين تكلموا في هذه المسألة انقسموا إلى قسمين: منهم من يتشدد فيكفر الحكومات ومن يعمل بها، ويكفر كذلك المجتمعات، ومنهم -وهو الصنف الثاني- من تساهل في هذا الأمر وقال: إن الكفر لا يكون في الكفر العملي، أي: لابد أن يكون في»

English translation (unreviewed): From you: in recent times some books, booklets and leaflets have appeared that speak about a great matter, the matter of kufr, in that those who spoke about this matter divided into two groups: some who are harsh and declare the governments and those who work under them to be disbelievers, and likewise declare societies disbelievers; and the second group, who are lax in this matter and said: kufr does not occur in practical kufr, that is, it must be in ...

(excerpt from the question)

From the text of the answer

«هذه مسألة كما ذكرت خطيرة وهي التكفير والتبديع والتفسيق وما إلى ذلك، تجد بعض الناس يتحاشى أن يقول: هذا حلال أو هذا حرام إلا بعد أن يكون ذلك ثابتاً بالشرع. ويقول: ليس لي أن أحلل وأحرم، التحليل والتحريم من الله ورسوله، لكنه في مسألة التكفير يتساهل، ويكفر من لا يكفره الله ورسوله، ولم يعلم هذا المسكين أن خطر التكفير أعظم من خطر التحليل والتحريم؛ لأن من كفر من ليس أهلاً عاد كفره عليه كما أخبر بذلك النبي -صلى الله عليه وعلى آله وسلم- سواءً قلنا: إنه يعود إليه شرعاً، أو يعود إليه قدراً، فهو لن يتخلص من أن يكون كافراً إذا كفر من لم يكفره الله ورسوله.»

English translation (unreviewed): This is a matter, as you mentioned, that is dangerous: takfir, tabdi' and tafsiq and the like. You find some people avoiding saying 'this is lawful' or 'this is forbidden' unless it is established by the Shari'ah, saying, 'It is not for me to make lawful or forbid; making lawful and forbidding is for Allah and His Messenger', but in the matter of takfir he is lax and declares to be a disbeliever one whom Allah and His Messenger have not. This poor person does not know that the danger of takfir is greater than the danger of declaring lawful and forbidden, because whoever declares a disbeliever one who is not so, his kufr returns upon him, as the Prophet, may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him and his family, reported, whether we say it returns upon him by the Shari'ah or returns upon him by decree; he will not escape being a disbeliever if he declares a disbeliever one whom Allah and His Messenger have not.

Evidence as the shaykh cited it

«وأما السنة: فقد ثبت عن النبي -صلى الله عليه وسلم- أن قال: «بين الرجل وبين الشرك والكفر ترك الصلاة» وقال: «العهد الذي بيننا وبينهم الصلاة، فمن تركها فقد كفر» وهذا كفر عملي يكفر بترك الصلاة مع اعتقاده وجوبها.»

English translation (unreviewed): As for the Sunnah, it is established from the Prophet, may Allah's blessings and peace be upon him, that he said: “Between a man and shirk and kufr is the abandonment of prayer”, and he said: “The covenant between us and them is the prayer; whoever abandons it has disbelieved.” This is practical kufr: one becomes a disbeliever by abandoning prayer while believing in its obligation.

Read the scholar’s original material ↗

Differences in views and wording (not merged)

  • In 4521 Ibn al-'Uthaymin reports a view of some scholars that 'kufr occurs only from belief', and says the correct view is otherwise; the draft reports his words as they are without any preference from the site.
  • Ibn Baz's statements (20115 on practical kufr) were not compared in detail with Ibn al-'Uthaymin's (4521); the comparison is referred to a shaykh.

What is not attributed to anyone

  • Not yet searched: the Permanent Committee (its official site requires a browser and automated verification), al-Fawzan (its site's certificate has expired), al-Albani, 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Badr and others; so no statement is attributed to them in this draft.
  • No judgement of kufr on a particular person, group or ruler is attributed to anyone here.

Questions that need a shaykh

  • What is the difference between practical kufr that takes one out of the religion and minor kufr? And what is the criterion for distinguishing them? — Two materials that need comparison
  • What are the conditions and impediments for judging a particular person to be a disbeliever? And who undertakes that? — A sensitive issue referred to the people of knowledge
  • What is the meaning of Ibn Baz's statement in 23426 'they are not called kufr except what the Shari'ah has called kufr'? And what examples are mentioned? — Needs explanation

Sources

  • Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz — أنواع الكفر المخرج من الملة
    فتوى ١١٩٤٣
    Open the original source ↗
  • Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz — هل الكفر العملي يخرج من الملة؟
    مجموع فتاوى ومقالات الشيخ ابن باز (٢٨/١٤٦).
    Open the original source ↗
  • Shaykh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin — خطأ من قال إن الكفر العملي لا يكون كفراً أكبر
    محتوى ٤٥٢١
    Open the original source ↗
  • Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz — هل جميع المعاصي مِن الكفر الأصغر؟
    فتوى ٢٣٤٢٦
    Open the original source ↗
  • Shaykh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin — ضوابط إطلاق الكفر والشرك
    محتوى ٢٨٨١
    Open the original source ↗
  • Shaykh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin — الشرك والكفر لا يطلقان على شخص معين حتى تقوم عليه الحجة
    محتوى ٢١٩٦
    Open the original source ↗
  • Shaykh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin — الرد على من يرى أن الكفر اعتقادي فقط
    محتوى ٣٩٣٧
    Open the original source ↗

The original pages carry no dates for the fatwas. Quotations are short and attributed; the original is the link. Titles of the original pages are shown in Arabic.

Review status and what prevents approval
  • Sensitive subject: a named reviewer in creed is required before any public display.
  • This draft must not be used to pass judgement on a particular person; judging individuals has conditions and impediments that are referred to the people of knowledge.
  • The sources of the Permanent Committee, al-Fawzan, al-Albani, 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Badr and others have not yet been searched.
  • No dates for the fatwas and no matching against the audio recordings.
  • No human scholarly review has been done and no shaykh has approved.
No human review has been done and no shaykh has approved this material. The literal check of the Arabic excerpts is automated against the original pages. The English is an unreviewed translation.

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