Doctrinal and practical nifaq: what the scholars reported
Question
What is nifaq? What are doctrinal and practical nifaq? And when is a Muslim described with nifaq?
Introduction
This draft gathers texts of Ibn Baz and Ibn al-'Uthaymin on the categories of nifaq, its traits and the criteria for describing someone with it.
Describing someone with nifaq is a sensitive matter; the page reports in his own words Ibn al-'Uthaymin's statement that no Muslim is accused of doctrinal nifaq 'except with clear evidence'. The statements are not applied to a particular person.
Categories of nifaq and its reality
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz
أقسام النفاق وحقيقته — فتوى ١٦١٨٥- Question
«سماحة الشيخ من أسئلة هذا السائل يقول: ما هو النفاق، وكيف الخلاص منه؟»
English translation (unreviewed): Your eminence, from this questioner's questions he says: What is hypocrisy (nifaq), and how can one be free of it?
- From the text of the answer
«النفاق نفاقان: نفاق أكبر، ونفاق أصغر، النفاق الأكبر: كون الإنسان يتعاطى الدين، ويتظاهر بالدين وهو يكذب، لا يؤمن بالله، ولا باليوم الآخر، ولا يؤمن بالدين، ولكن يصلي مع الناس، أو يذكر الله مع الناس رياءً، كفعل المنافقين في عهد النبي ﷺ وإلا لا يؤمن بالدين ولا يؤمن بالجنة، ولا بالنار، ولا بتوحيد الله؛ هذا كافر كفرًا أكبر، أعظم من الكفار، من اليهود والنصارى، قال الله في حقهم: إِنَّ الْمُنَافِقِينَ فِي الدَّرْكِ الأَسْفَلِ مِنَ النَّارِ [النساء:١٤٥] نسأل الله العافية.»
English translation (unreviewed): Nifaq is of two kinds: major nifaq and minor nifaq. Major nifaq: that a person practises the religion and outwardly shows the religion while he lies; he does not believe in Allah, nor in the Last Day, nor in the religion, but he prays with people, or mentions Allah with people, to show off, like the act of the hypocrites in the time of the Prophet ﷺ; or he does not believe in the religion, nor in Paradise nor in the Fire nor in the tawhid of Allah. This one is a major disbeliever, worse than the disbelievers, than the Jews and Christians. Allah said about them: “Indeed, the hypocrites will be in the lowest depths of the Fire” [al-Nisa': 145]; we ask Allah for well-being.
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz
خطر النفاق مع بيان أنواعه — مجموع فتاوى ومقالات الشيخ ابن باز (٧/ ٤٥).- Question
«في هذا الزمان عظم النفاق، وكثر أهله وتعددت وسائلهم في محاربة الإسلام والمسلمين، فحبذا لو ألقيتم الضوء على خطر النفاق مع بيان أنواعه وذكر صفة أهله وتحذير المسلمين منهم.»
English translation (unreviewed): In this age hypocrisy has grown great, its people have multiplied and their means of fighting Islam and the Muslims have multiplied. It would be good if you shed light on the danger of hypocrisy, with an explanation of its types, a mention of the description of its people and a warning to the Muslims against them.
- From the text of the answer
«النفاق خطره عظيم وشرور أهله كثيرة، وقد أوضح الله صفاتهم في كتابه الكريم في سورة البقرة وغيرها، كما أوضح صفاتهم أيضا نبيه ﷺ.»
English translation (unreviewed): The danger of hypocrisy is great and the evils of its people are many. Allah has made clear their characteristics in His Noble Book in Surat al-Baqarah and elsewhere, and his Prophet ﷺ also made clear their characteristics.
- Evidence as the shaykh cited it
«ومن صفاتهم: ما ثبت في الحديث الصحيح عن النبي ﷺ أنه قال: آية المنافق ثلاث: إذا حدث كذب، وإذا وعد أخلف وإذا اؤتمن خان وقوله ﷺ: أثقل الصلاة على المنافقين: صلاة العشاء، وصلاة الفجر، ولو يعلمون ما فيهما لأتوهما ولو حبوا والآيات والأحاديث في هذا المعنى كثيرة.»
English translation (unreviewed): Among their characteristics is what is established in the authentic hadith from the Prophet ﷺ that he said: “The signs of the hypocrite are three: when he speaks he lies, when he promises he breaks it, and when he is entrusted he betrays”, and his saying ﷺ: “The most burdensome prayers for the hypocrites are the 'Isha' prayer and the Fajr prayer; if they knew what is in them they would come to them even crawling.” And the verses and hadiths with this meaning are many.
«فالواجب على كل مؤمن ومؤمنة أن يحذر صفاتهم غاية الحذر، ومما يعين على ذلك تدبر ما ذكره الله في كتابه من صفاتهم، وما صحت به السنة عن رسول الله ﷺ في ذلك.»
English translation (unreviewed): So it is a duty upon every believing man and woman to beware of their characteristics with the greatest caution, and what helps with that is reflecting on what Allah mentioned in His Book of their characteristics and what the Sunnah has authentically established from the Messenger of Allah ﷺ on that.
Shaykh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin
أقسام النفاق وضوابطه — محتوى ٢٧٤٤- Question
«كثيرون هم من يتهمون غيرهم بالنفاق في هذا الزمان، ويستدل بالآية: ﴿ وَإِذَا قَامُوا إِلَى الصَّلاةِ قَامُوا كُسَالَى﴾ [النساء:١٤٢] وغيرها، فما هو ضابط النفاق؟»
English translation (unreviewed): Many in this age accuse others of hypocrisy, citing the verse: “And when they stand up for prayer, they stand lazily” [al-Nisa': 142] and others. What is the criterion of hypocrisy?
- From the text of the answer
«النفاق -بارك الله فيك- نوعان: نفاق اعتقادي، ونفاق عملي. فالنفاق الاعتقادي محله القلب ولا يعلم به إلا الله، ولهذا بعض الصحابة الذين حصل منهم المخالفة، فقال عمر: [إنه نافق] فعارضه الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم. فالنفاق الاعتقادي محله القلب، ولا يجوز أن يرمي الإنسان به أحداً من المسلمين، وأهل الولاء لله ورسوله إلا ببينة واضحة.»
English translation (unreviewed): Nifaq, may Allah bless you, is of two kinds: nifaq of belief and nifaq of action. Nifaq of belief resides in the heart and nobody knows it except Allah; for this reason, when some of the Companions who had made a mistake — 'Umar said: “He has become a hypocrite” — the Messenger, peace be upon him, objected to him. So nifaq of belief resides in the heart, and it is not permissible for a person to accuse any of the Muslims, those loyal to Allah and His Messenger, with it without clear evidence.
Traits of nifaq and their relation to doctrinal nifaq
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz
النفاق العملي سُلَّمٌ للنفاق الاعتقادي — فتوى ١٩٤٣- Question
«يا شيخ، هنا يقول: ومن خلت به هذه الخصال كان منافقًا خالصًا؟»
English translation (unreviewed): Shaykh, here he says: And whoever has these traits is a pure hypocrite?
- From the text of the answer
«هذا من حديث عبدالله بن عمر.. يقول ﷺ: أربع من كن فيه؛ كان منافقًا خالصًا، ومن كانت فيه خصلة منها؛ كانت فيه خصلة من النفاق حتى يدعها، إذا حدث كذب، وإذا ائتمن خان، وإذا خاصم فجر، وإذا عاهد غدر -نعوذ بالله- في اللفظ الآخر: آية المنافق ثلاث: إذا حدث كذب، وإذا وعد أخلف، وإذا ائتمن خان نسأل الله العافية.»
English translation (unreviewed): This is from the hadith of 'Abdullah ibn 'Amr.. he ﷺ says: “Four traits, whoever has them is a pure hypocrite, and whoever has one of them has a trait of hypocrisy until he gives it up: when he speaks he lies, when he is entrusted he betrays, when he disputes he behaves wickedly, and when he makes a covenant he breaks it” — we seek refuge in Allah — and in the other wording: “The signs of the hypocrite are three: when he speaks he lies, when he promises he breaks it, and when he is entrusted he betrays.” We ask Allah for well-being.
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz
حكم وصف النفاق لمن أظهر خصال النفاق — فتوى ٢٣٢٠٣- Question
«مَنْ تلبّس بأحوال المنافقين: لا بأس بإطلاق النفاق؟»
English translation (unreviewed): One who has taken on the states of the hypocrites: is there no harm in applying the term nifaq to him?
- From the text of the answer
«مَنْ أظْهَر خِصالَهم نعم.»
English translation (unreviewed): One who displays their traits — yes.
The nifaq that the salaf feared
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz
ما النفاق الذي كان يخشاه السلف؟ — فتوى ٢١٤٩٨- Question
«النفاق الذي كان يخشاه السلف هو النفاق الأكبر؟»
English translation (unreviewed): Is the nifaq that the salaf feared the major nifaq?
- From the text of the answer
«لا، مرادهم -والله أعلم- النفاق الأصغر، الرياء، يعني هذا هو الأغلب، مثل ما قال ﷺ: أخوف ما أخاف عليكم الشرك الأصغر فسئل عنه فقال: الرياء ؛ لأن الله جل وعلا يحميهم من النفاق الأكبر وقد علموا وتيقنوا والحمد لله، ولكن كون الإنسان يتظاهر بأشياء ولا يكون عليها خشوا أن يكون هذا من النفاق؛ كونه يتظاهر بأشياء ثم يخل بها هذا ما يضر، كونه يتعبد تارة ويترك تارة، يصوم تارة ويفطر تارة، يقرأ تارة ويسكت تارة، كل هذا، الحمد لله، الأمر واسع.»
English translation (unreviewed): No, what they meant — and Allah knows best — was minor nifaq, showing off; this is the most likely, as he ﷺ said: “What I fear most for you is minor shirk”, and when he was asked about it he said: “Showing off”; because Allah, Mighty and Majestic, protects them from major nifaq, and they knew and were certain of that, praise be to Allah. But that a person displays things which he does not actually have, they feared that this would be from nifaq. As for a person displaying things then falling short in them, that does no harm: that he worships at times and leaves off at times, fasts at times and breaks fast at times, recites at times and is silent at times — all of this, praise be to Allah, the matter is broad.
Differences in views and wording (not merged)
- On describing one who displays traits of nifaq: Ibn Baz in 23203 'one who displays their traits — yes', while Ibn al-'Uthaymin in 2744 permits describing the act as 'practical nifaq' and forbids accusing a Muslim of doctrinal nifaq without evidence. The two statements are shown without reconciling them.
What is not attributed to anyone
- Not yet searched: the Permanent Committee (its official site requires a browser and automated verification), al-Fawzan (its site's certificate has expired), al-Albani, 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Badr and others; so no statement is attributed to them in this draft.
Questions that need a shaykh
- When may a Muslim be described with practical nifaq? And what is the criterion so that it does not turn into accusing him of doctrinal nifaq? — Two materials that need clarification
- What does Ibn Baz mean in 1943 by the traits of practical nifaq 'drawing' to doctrinal nifaq? — Needs explanation
Sources
- Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz — أقسام النفاق وحقيقته
فتوى ١٦١٨٥
Open the original source ↗ - Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz — خطر النفاق مع بيان أنواعه
مجموع فتاوى ومقالات الشيخ ابن باز (٧/ ٤٥).
Open the original source ↗ - Shaykh Muhammad ibn Salih al-‘Uthaymin — أقسام النفاق وضوابطه
محتوى ٢٧٤٤
Open the original source ↗ - Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz — النفاق العملي سُلَّمٌ للنفاق الاعتقادي
فتوى ١٩٤٣
Open the original source ↗ - Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz — حكم وصف النفاق لمن أظهر خصال النفاق
فتوى ٢٣٢٠٣
Open the original source ↗ - Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Aziz ibn Baz — ما النفاق الذي كان يخشاه السلف؟
فتوى ٢١٤٩٨
Open the original source ↗
The original pages carry no dates for the fatwas. Quotations are short and attributed; the original is the link. Titles of the original pages are shown in Arabic.